Technology-driven revolution in CO(2) fixation: From natural pathways to programmable Biosystems.

Engineered microbial CO2-fixation systems are advancing beyond natural Calvin-Benson-Bassham limits, using synthetic cycles and CRISPR-Cas to improve thermodynamic and kinetic performance for efficient carbon conversion.

• Why it matters: Rising atmospheric CO2 above 430 ppm threatens climate stability, and natural pathways are constrained by low energy efficiency (<1%) and RuBisCO enzymatic inefficiencies.
• What they did: The review synthesizes technology-driven approaches: engineering native and de novo synthetic routes (including rGly, CETCH, and THETA cycles), applying CRISPR-Cas for metabolic rewiring, and integrating electrochemistry/materials via microbial electrosynthesis and semi-artificial photosynthetic platforms.
• The result: Together, these integrated biohybrid strategies aim to address energy supply challenges and enable programmable, precision CO2 reduction toward multicarbon compounds, supporting carbon-negative biomanufacturing and carbon neutrality goals.

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