Children aged 4 to 9 across six diverse cultures consistently help their peers through instrumental aid or information sharing, with older children increasingly providing information.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Sciences · General Science & Medicine · ISSN 0027-8424, 1091-6490
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Deep learning of fossil pollen morphology reveals a 25,000-year record of ecological change in eastern African grasslands, including shifts in species diversity and photosynthetic types.
PAK4 promotes melanoma immunosuppression by enhancing exosome release, with high PAK4 levels linked to poor anti-PD-1 therapy response in melanoma.
Dynamic tRNA modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinate with growth phases, with GidA-dependent mnm5s2U modifications peaking during early growth and aligning with virulence gene expression.
Convergent evolution of (crypto)vivipary in angiosperms results from the targeted loss of seed desiccation and dormancy machinery, not new genes or master regulators.
A structure-aware generative AI framework reveals functional relationships in protein families by integrating sequence and structural data, identifying conserved and variable regions.
Murine sebaceous glands display dynamic heterogeneity and distinct regenerative responses, with Krt15+ cells giving rise to diverse gland types via divergent pathways.
Cell size influences SBF and Whi5 chromatin association dynamics, regulating the Start transition in budding yeast with significant shifts observed at specific cell sizes.
A10P3C is a highly selective EGLN2 inhibitor that effectively suppresses breast cancer growth and progression with minimal toxicity.
Climatic gradients drive significant genomic and phenotypic diversification in wild Saccharomyces eubayanus populations across Patagonia, with southern populations showing the highest diversity.
Generalized Taylor's law applies to dependent, heterogeneous heavy-tailed data with infinite mean and variance, extending its use to complex systems.
Wild Schizosaccharomyces japonicus strains exhibit constitutive sporulation under nutrient-rich conditions, with spores surviving passage through Drosophila melanogaster at a rate of 90%.
Impaired natural killer cell regulation, not EBV infection alone, drives pediatric multiple sclerosis risk, with 92.2% of EBNA-1 seropositive patients showing CNS autoantibodies.
Defensive networks of pukaras shaped late pre-Hispanic Andean polities, with 1,287 hillforts revealing diverse regional structures from 1250 to 1500 CE.
T-B cell interactions produce CD3(+) B cells and CD20(+) T cells with pathogenic features, revealing new immune cell subsets in multiple sclerosis.
PorH and ProtX are assembled at cell poles in Corynebacterium glutamicum, linking the mycomembrane to peptidoglycan synthesis with a high-confidence hetero-oligomeric structure.
OsPSY8 peptide signaling regulates the switch between growth and osmotic stress responses in rice, with mutants showing increased stress tolerance.
Tandem dsRNA-binding domains in PKR form a unique intramolecular interface essential for activating immune responses, with disruption impairing function.
Ufd4p-mediated degradation of Sum1p is essential for proper chromosome condensation and organization during cell division, with a conserved mechanism across species.
A conserved β-sheet motif in PIN2's hydrophilic loop is essential for its dynamic localization and function, with deletion causing clustering and trafficking defects in Arabidopsis.
Metabolite ratiomics accurately classifies glioma subtypes and tumor grades with 100% agreement during brain surgery.
Marine-to-freshwater fish transitions in Sahul reveal that paleoenvironmental factors, not just ecological opportunity, shape adaptive radiation outcomes, with 27-34 transitions during the Cenozoic.
Targeted degradation of LRP8 reduces GPX4 levels by 50%, sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis and revealing a new vulnerability in tumor antioxidant defenses.
OsTT3.1 promotes rice thermotolerance by degrading OsGSK2, reducing OsHsfB2c phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby activating heat stress responses.
MrtR from Mesorhizobium tianshanense exhibits ligand-dependent activation and inhibition through oligomeric state switching, influenced by acyl-chain length of AHLs.
Scaling laws reveal that flow deviations in large microfluidic networks grow quadratically with the number of parallel units, enabling the construction of ten-million-scale antibody libraries.
AlphaEvolve autonomously rediscovered or improved solutions for 67 mathematical problems, demonstrating large-scale AI-driven mathematical discovery.
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