Nature Reviews Neuroscience

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A connectomic synthesis defines a multiscale cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network framework with modular organization, graded boundaries, and re-entrant interactions across cortical, basal ganglia, and thalamic nodes.

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Community detection methods for nanoscale neuron-level connectomes are being refined and expanded to identify subnetworks of functionally related neurons as datasets grow more complex.

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Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics show that Alzheimer disease brain heterogeneity is linked to stage-dependent glial remodeling and disrupted cell-cell communication networks.

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Intercellular nanotubes (NTs) have been visualized in situ and in vivo throughout the nervous system, enabling direct, targeted transfer of cargo between selected cells.

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Electrical synapses are dynamic, structurally complex signaling structures whose strength changes, challenging the view that electrical transmission is static and determined only by gap junction channels.

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Optimizing controversial stimulus sets can make neural network models disagree on predictions, improving discrimination among brain information-processing hypotheses despite high model capacity.

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Structured transformations of uncertainty support metacognitive self-evaluations in humans and other animals, linking dynamic evidence accumulation and prefrontal integration to confidence-based self-beliefs.

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The rodent ventral hippocampus (vHPC) integrates external cues with internal state to flexibly update an affective-motivational map that guides multiple motivated behaviors.

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Interneuron subtypes in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex orchestrate spontaneous activity transitions, including a shift from gap-junction synchrony to synaptically driven bursts and later sparse firing.

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Endocannabinoid signalling shows a dynamic lifespan trajectory—relatively high in early adulthood but functionally declining with ageing—linked to multiple hallmarks of brain ageing.

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Bone is a densely innervated sensory organ, with NGF–TrkA signalling coordinating somatosensory nerve growth and survival during skeletal development and repair.

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Cerebellar rhythms dynamically regulate frequency-specific control signals across cerebellar microcircuits, coordinating prediction, error correction, learning, and internal model updating.

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Parental caregiving circuits in mammals are highly plastic and context dependent, dynamically reshaped by internal state and social experience across timescales from hours to weeks.

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Microglia in the CNS show multidimensional, transcriptionally diverse state transitions across development, region, sex, age, genotype, and environment, replacing binary resting/activated or M1/M2 views.

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Early life stress is linked to persistent, cell-type- and brain-region-specific epigenomic remodeling that alters gene regulation and increases susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders.