Genome stability and carbon-nitrogen metabolic reprogramming are associated with regeneration competence in quinoa.

A high-efficiency cluster bud regeneration system in Chenopodium quinoa achieved a 93.5% induction rate and 1.95-fold proliferation coefficient using N6 plus 0.1 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L NAA.

• Why it matters: Quinoa breeding is limited by the lack of an efficient regeneration method and by insufficient mechanistic insight into what determines regeneration competence.
• What they did: The authors compared hormone regimes, finding that 0.5 mg/L kinetin with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D produced only non-regenerative callus, then used flow cytometry, transcriptomics, and targeted metabolomics to link regeneration with genome and metabolism.
• The result: Regenerable cluster buds maintained stable ploidy, while non-regenerative callus showed endoreduplication, polyploidization, and possible aneuploidy; regenerating seedlings also showed higher essential amino acids (lysine, valine, tryptophan), increased glutamate/aspartate nodes, and lower stress-associated proline.

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