Cu(2+) improves sulfamerazine biodegradation by Sakaguchia cladiensis A5: Physiological responses and proteomic mechanisms.

Sakaguchia cladiensis A5 degraded sulfamerazine more effectively under co-stress, reaching 54.1% maximum removal in 5 d with 10 mg L−1 Cu2+ and 1 mg L−1 SM1.

• Why it matters: Antibiotic–heavy metal co-contamination in livestock and poultry settings can disrupt microbial communities, yet mechanisms of microbial physiological and protein-level responses to this combined stress remain limited.
• What they did: The study combined physiological assays (flow cytometry) with proteomic profiling and transformation analysis, using 1 mg L−1 SM1 alone versus 1 mg L−1 SM1 plus 10 mg L−1 Cu2+.
• The result: Co-exposure altered membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative-response signals, and esterase activity, while proteomics showed pathway-scale reprogramming and 15 tentative intermediates supporting four putative SM1 biodegradation routes.

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