The abstract is read at the publisher; the summary is JClub's.
Across 11.6 billion US encounters (2021–2026), only 2.9 per 100,000 included an AI-required CPT code, with odds in 2025 nearly 9.88 times those in 2021.
- Why it matters: Payment policy for clinical AI is changing fast, but national evidence is limited on which AI-enabled services are actually billed and for whom across payers and communities.
- What they did: Using Epic Cosmos, a deidentified EHR dataset, the study analyzed 11,605,867,309 encounters from 233,628,292 patients and matched 65 AI-required CPT codes to FDA-listed AI-enabled devices.
- The result: AI-required CPT use was higher for Medicare beneficiaries and lower for Medicaid enrollees and residents of socially vulnerable areas, implying monitoring is needed as CMS payment models expand.
The findingWhy it mattersWhat they didThe result
AI summary of the abstract · may contain errors · not medical advice · read the paper.