Advancing multimodal tools to decode organoid complexity.

A multimodal framework is proposed to comprehensively profile organoid composition, integrating genotypic and phenotypic measurements across DNA, RNA, proteins, and physiology.

• Why it matters: Organoids can model development, homeostasis, regeneration, disease, and drug response, but their full value depends on tools that capture their intricate molecular and functional complexity.
• What they did: This Review surveys molecular and functional profiling methods for organoids, highlighting emerging techniques, recent advances, future directions, knowledge gaps, and challenges, and outlines a multimodal integration framework.
• The result: By mapping current barriers and opportunities, the work supports refining organoid profiling approaches to deepen understanding of organoid biology and improve downstream applications.

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