Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (PPP), Important Molecular Switchers in Plant Cell and Environment Responses.

Plant phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP) form dynamic holoenzyme complexes that precisely regulate hormone signaling, cell division, and light responses through isoform- and subunit-specific control.

• Why it matters: Protein dephosphorylation is central to how plants balance growth and defense, yet plant PPP functions—especially isoform-specific mechanisms and regulatory networks—remain incompletely mapped.
• What they did: This review classifies plant protein phosphatases with emphasis on the PPP family and highlights approaches to dissect regulatory subunit–substrate–kinase relationships, including phosphoproteomics and TurboID proximity labelling, AP-MS, substrate-trapping mutants, and single-cell/spatial omics.
• The result: Integrating these toolkits is positioned to enable isoform-specific functional dissection and network decoding, supporting future engineering of regulatory subunit–PPP–substrate modules for crop improvement.

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