Microphysiological models of human gastrointestinal diseases.

Microphysiological organoid and organ-on-a-chip systems are increasingly enabling human-relevant modeling of gastrointestinal disease across inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions.

• Why it matters: Conventional animal and cell models have not fully clarified mechanisms behind chronic inflammation, tumour initiation, and host–microbiome dysregulation, limiting translation.
• What they did: The review synthesizes recent organoid and organ-on-a-chip advances, integrating engineering approaches with mechanistic and clinical insights across the GI tract.
• The result: These models improve disease modeling fidelity and help identify remaining gaps in complexity, translation, and scalability, supporting mechanistic discovery and targeted therapeutic development.

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