Ecosystem stability is shaped by resource-trait coordination under multiple interacting global change factors.

In a 13-year fully factorial grassland field experiment, ecosystem stability is strongly non-additive and time-dependent under elevated CO2, nitrogen enrichment, warming, and reduced rainfall.

• Why it matters: Single-driver, short-term experiments struggle to predict productivity and temporal stability when multiple global change factors interact over longer periods.
• What they did: The study manipulated elevated atmospheric CO2, nitrogen enrichment, warming, and reduced rainfall in a 13-year fully factorial design, tracking mean productivity and temporal standard deviation across treatments.
• The result: Stability was mainly governed by species asynchrony, with secondary roles for soil moisture and functional composition, while combined effects shifted magnitude and sometimes reversed additive expectations over time.

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