Adoptive T-cell therapies in neuroinfectious and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Adoptive T cell therapies are positioned as “living drugs” that can expand, adapt, and persist in vivo, with rapid preliminary reports and trials in nervous system inflammatory and infectious diseases.

• Why it matters: Many neurological patients remain treatment-refractory despite immunomodulatory and anti-infective advances, reflecting limits of conventional agents in the face of convergent immune dysfunction.
• What they did: This Update proposes a disease-centered framework that classifies neurological immune pathology by immune deficiency causing opportunistic infection versus immune dysregulation driving autoimmunity, then maps CAR T cells, virus-specific T cells, and regulatory T cells to immune archetypes.
• The result: The framework links mechanistic immune patterns to clinical strategy, helping neurologists reason about when different adoptive T cell approaches may fit specific neurological disease biology.

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