Hallmarks and correlates of effective adoptive cell immunotherapy for cancer.

Neoantigen-specific T cells delivered by adoptive cell transfer, including TILs and TCR-engineered T cells, have achieved tumour regression in patients with metastatic solid cancers, including melanoma, breast, and gastrointestinal cancer.

• Why it matters: Solid epithelial tumours often resist immunotherapy, and the field needs clearer correlates of response and better design principles to extend ACT beyond current successes.
• What they did: The review synthesizes historical and current conceptual frameworks for ACT using TILs or TCR-T cells, drawing on immunogenomics, systems immunology, and genome editing to guide therapy design.
• The result: Emerging response correlates and next-generation strategies integrating tumour immunology, cancer genomics, computational biology, and T cell engineering are highlighted to improve future cellular immunotherapies.

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