Decoding cancer therapy resistance through advanced 3D organoid systems.

3D cancer models—including patient-derived organoids and microphysiological systems—better capture tumor heterogeneity and microenvironmental stress, improving drug-resistance and immunotherapy evaluation.

• Why it matters: Precision oncology struggles with low clinical translation because 2D cultures fail to reproduce tumor heterogeneity and TME stress that shape therapy response.
• What they did: The work reviews scaffold-free spheroids, PDO biobanks, and MPS approaches to model metabolic gradients, lineage plasticity, and immunological features, including immune exclusion and T cell exhaustion.
• The result: By enabling assessment of antigen presentation and immunotherapy-related mechanisms, these platforms are positioned to bridge genotype-to-phenotype gaps and support more predictive, personalized treatment optimization.

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