Programming immunity in situ: A new frontier of in vivo cell engineering.

In vivo cell engineering is increasingly feasible in oncology and autoimmunity, enabling direct programming of immune cells in patients using lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors.

• Why it matters: It addresses the bottleneck of isolating, modifying, and reinfusing cells by aiming for faster, more scalable delivery of immune-cell therapies across disease contexts.
• What they did: The approach delivers therapeutic instructions to selected immune cells in situ via lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors, with progress driven by targeting ligands, vector design, biodistribution control, and genome editing.
• The result: Improving precision for cell/tissue targeting, payload delivery, and controlled transient or durable activity—while managing immunogenicity, inflammatory toxicity, off-target editing, and persistence—could expand cell therapy to diseases refractory to current modalities.

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