Macrophage biology and immunoregulation in health and disease.

Macrophage responses are shaped by coordinated integration of ontogenetic imprinting, environmental sensing, metabolic rewiring, and epigenetic remodeling across health and disease contexts.

• Why it matters: Understanding how macrophage identities and adaptations arise is critical for addressing challenges in inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer and for enabling targeted therapies.
• What they did: The review synthesizes mechanistic insights enabled by single-cell, spatial, and multiomics studies, linking macrophage plasticity to molecular circuits spanning multiple regulatory layers.
• The result: The integrated framework suggests opportunities for next-generation macrophage-based therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune homeostasis and improving disease outcomes.