Performance analysis and design optimization of modified coal gasification slag-based backfill materials.

Modified coal gasification slag backfill (MCB) using as-received CGFS/CGCS and MMS+FDG achieves 15.44 MPa at 28 days and 26.09 MPa at 90 days.

• Why it matters: Pretreatment-heavy activation of latent pozzolanic CGS reactivity constrains industrial valorization, while large CGS stockpiling creates environmental pressure.
• What they did: The study couples Response Surface Methodology with the Whale Optimization Algorithm for dual-objective optimization, using RSM to quantify component–performance correlations and selecting solutions from a Pareto front.
• The result: Strength grows with curing age (slump 102–142 mm), hydration forms ettringite (AFt) and C-(A)-S-H gel, and the optimized mix improves cost efficiency by 122.1%, cuts carbon emissions by 99.1%, and uses 4.8% energy input.

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