Neuromodulation for restoring and amplifying brain function.

Neuromodulation can enhance brain function through compensatory amplification, with four key factors enabling its effectiveness across clinical applications.

• Why it matters: Understanding how to effectively leverage neuromodulation is crucial for advancing treatments in neurodegeneration, psychiatry, and aging, where delaying decline or increasing capacity is vital.
• What they did: The authors formalized two approaches—restorative normalization and compensatory amplification—and evaluated four factors (multiple realizability, multiscale neuroplasticity, precision readiness, activity selectivity) that support CA's success, analyzing their interplay in clinical contexts.
• The result: Positioning CA alongside RN as a core principle can improve target selection, treatment stratification, and the development of neuromodulation protocols, potentially delaying decline and enhancing neural processing capacity.