From systemic to oral: Unifying immunological mechanisms via the gut microbiome axis.

Gut microbiome dysbiosis is linked to oral inflammation through gut-immune mechanisms, but direct clinical evidence in oral diseases remains limited and heterogeneous.

• Why it matters: The gut-immune axis is known to regulate systemic disease, yet how gut microbiome–host immune processes shape oral diseases is underexplored, limiting therapeutic translation.
• What they did: This review synthesizes established gut microbiome–immune pathways—via microbial metabolites, intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, and immune regulation—and evaluates microbiome-targeted strategies such as probiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation.
• The result: Systemic disease evidence supports these mechanisms and provides rationale for gut microbiome–targeted approaches, while highlighting the need for bidirectional gut-oral studies, standardized microbiome assessment, and well-designed clinical trials with consistent outcomes.

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