Neural interface instructs layer 4-appropriate circuit reconstruction with engrafted human brain organoids and improves visually guided behavior.

Targeted neuromodulation steered by endogenous narrowband gamma (NBG) rhythms instructs layer 4-appropriate molecular and functional integration of engrafted human brain organoids in injured adult mouse visual cortex.

• Why it matters: Disorganized hBO integration after cortical injury limits therapeutic microcircuit repair, and circuit-level guidance is needed beyond cell replacement.
• What they did: In injured adult mouse visual cortex, a neural interface first promoted general graft-host coupling, then delivered NBG-rhythmic stimulation to specific functional clusters.
• The result: Grafts formed bidirectional connectivity, showed spiking phase locking to host NBG oscillations, and restored host visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.

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