Engineered synbiotic microspheres enable system-level reprogramming of the gut-immune-vascular axis in chronic inflammatory vascular disease.

Engineered enzyme-responsive synbiotic microspheres attenuate pathological vascular remodeling and in-stent restenosis by restoring gut-vascular immunometabolic balance across murine and large-animal models.

• Why it matters: Lesion-focused therapies don’t address upstream, self-reinforcing cross-organ coupling that sustains chronic inflammatory vascular disease.
• What they did: The study mapped a gut-immune-vascular pathogenic circuit using integrated clinical profiling and cross-species validation, then delivered probiotics, a microbial metabolic pathway inhibitor, and a prebiotic via site-specific intestinal activation from protective polymeric microspheres.
• The result: Treatment restored intestinal barrier integrity, reprogrammed microbial ecology and metabolite output, suppressed immunometabolic dysfunction, and robustly reduced vascular remodeling in cellular, murine, and large-animal models, with in-stent restenosis as a representative context.

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