Plant Phenotyping in Plant Factories: Progress, Challenges and Prospects.

Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) enable controlled, LED-regulated vertical cultivation, but their distinct layout and light environments create specialised barriers for precise, scalable phenotyping.

• Why it matters: Standard phenotyping approaches struggle to match PFALs’ compact, enclosed conditions, and industrial uptake is limited by bulky, expensive devices and a lack of PFALs-specific datasets and adaptive optimisation models.
• What they did: The review synthesises PFALs phenotyping progress using high-throughput sensing (RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and 3D point clouds) and AI-based analytical models, including machine learning, deep learning, large language models, and AI agents.
• The result: It compares PFALs versus traditional greenhouses and proposes targeted directions—miniaturised integrated equipment, optimised AI-driven frameworks, and multi-omics intelligent breeding—to support future intelligent upgrading and industrialisation.

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