Detoxification of PCDD/Fs in MSWI fly ash: A critical review of state-of-the-art technologies and synergistic multi-pollutant management.

High-temperature treatment can degrade up to 99.9% of PCDD/Fs in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, but it is energy-intensive and may promote dioxin reformation.

• Why it matters: PCDD/Fs in MSWI fly ash create toxicity and environmental risks, yet detoxification options must be matched to formation behavior and multi-pollutant co-contaminants.
• What they did: The review synthesizes formation mechanisms, emphasizing low-temperature heterogeneous pathways and enrichment in nanopores of residual carbon, then compares high- vs low-temperature thermal, hydrothermal, mechanochemical, flotation, biological, and advanced oxidation approaches.
• The result: It concludes high-temperature methods are most mature and effective, while other technologies need optimization; it also frames complementary modules and evaluates synergistic management for heavy metals and chloride salts.

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