Combining Metarhizium anisopliae with spinetoram synergistically suppresses Frankliniella occidentalis via reciprocal enhancement.

CQMa421 combined with spinetoram synergistically suppresses Frankliniella occidentalis, achieving 90.67% control at 3 days and 86.33% at 14 days in field trials.

• Why it matters: Efficient fungal–insecticide pairings and their mechanisms are needed to improve sustainable pest management while maintaining environmental compatibility.
• What they did: The study tested CQMa421 plus spinetoram against F. occidentalis, measuring life-stage suppression, gene and enzyme activity changes, and cuticle colonization timing (GT50 and AT50).
• The result: The combination upregulated nAChRα6, disrupted GST/CarE/POD/CYP450 activity versus spinetoram, downregulated immune genes versus CQMa421, shortened CQMa421 GT50 and AT50, and sustained lower thrips densities in continuous control.

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