Systemic therapy for HCC: Doublets, triplets and beyond.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations have become the standard first-line systemic therapy for HCC, significantly improving survival and response rates over previous treatments.

• Why it matters: HCC is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and effective systemic therapies are crucial due to its biological heterogeneity and limited predictive biomarkers, which hinder personalized treatment.
• What they did: The review summarizes current systemic options, highlights the failure of triplet immunotherapy strategies due to toxicity, and discusses emerging approaches like bispecific antibodies, cellular therapies, and vaccines based on ongoing clinical trials.
• The result: Advances in immunotherapy have improved outcomes, but challenges remain in optimizing treatment through biomarker-driven strategies, paving the way for more precise and effective therapies in the future.