Food-Group Intakes and Depression in Tangerang, Indonesia: An Exploratory Case-Control Study

In Tangerang, Indonesia, sweetened beverage intake differed between 104 depression cases and 153 controls (about 214 vs 153 g/day), with each additional 100 g/day linked to higher depression odds.

• Why it matters: Evidence on how locally consumed food groups relate to depression in Indonesia is limited, and it is unclear whether BMI changes any diet–depression association.
• What they did: This exploratory case-control study used a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to estimate daily intake of ten food groups, comparing groups with t-tests and modeling depression odds via logistic regression.
• The result: Sweetened beverages were the only food group with a significant between-group difference (mean difference 61 g/day; 95% CI 18–103; p=0.005), and higher intake predicted higher odds (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.09–1.52), with modest BMI-related effect modification (p for interaction=0.046).

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