A physiologically constrained calibration framework for cardiovascular models applied to a paediatric synthetic sepsis population.

Embedded Feedback Controller achieves <1% residual error in calibrating pediatric cardiovascular models across normal and septic shock phenotypes.

• Why it matters: Accurate calibration of cardiovascular models is essential for patient-specific simulations, but unobservable variables and multiple parameter sets hinder their clinical use.
• What they did: The study developed EFC, a calibration framework promoting physiological parameters to dynamic states, tested on virtual pediatric populations with diverse sepsis conditions, ensuring convergence and consistency.
• The result: EFC reliably reproduces key haemodynamic variables, identifies structural incompatibilities, and provides a scalable approach for creating virtual populations and digital twins in critical care.