NADPH oxidases in immunometabolism and disease pathology: mechanistic networks, pollutant triggers, and therapeutic frontiers.

NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are key regulators of immune, metabolic, and environmental signals, with recent studies revealing their structures, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in disease, especially in immune and tumor contexts.

• Why it matters: Understanding NOX functions across tissues and disease states is crucial because they influence oxidative stress, immune responses, and disease progression, yet their comprehensive roles remain unclear.
• What they did: The review synthesizes advances in structural biology, immunometabolism, and toxicology, analyzing NOX architecture, regulation, and interactions, along with pollutant triggers and therapeutic strategies, including inhibitors and biomarkers, based on over 100 recent studies.
• The result: This work highlights NOXs as actionable targets for therapy and diagnostics, enabling improved intervention strategies for diseases involving immune dysregulation, metabolic reprogramming, and environmental damage.