Laboratory and field measurement approaches for estimating real-world emission factors from residential solid fuel combustion: A critical review.

Field-based studies provide more representative emission factors for residential solid fuel combustion but remain methodologically heterogeneous and geographically uneven.

• Why it matters: Accurate emission factors are crucial for reliable air quality modeling, exposure assessments, and policy development, yet current reliance on laboratory data introduces uncertainties.
• What they did: The review critically evaluates methods used to estimate real-world emission factors in laboratory and field settings, analyzing evidence from existing studies to identify gaps and harmonization needs.
• The result: Findings suggest that laboratory protocols tend to underestimate emissions, and addressing data gaps, especially for emergent pollutants like ultrafine particles, can improve emission inventory accuracy.