Chronotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors: The knowns, the unknowns, and the contested.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors show time-of-day-dependent effects, with earlier treatment linked to better outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies.

• Why it matters: Understanding the influence of treatment timing could optimize immunotherapy efficacy, but current evidence is inconsistent and mechanisms are unclear, creating a critical knowledge gap.
• What they did: The authors review emerging pre-clinical and retrospective clinical data, highlighting the need to verify reproducibility, elucidate underlying biological mechanisms, and assess clinical relevance.
• The result: Clarifying these aspects may enable chronotherapy approaches that improve patient outcomes and inform personalized treatment schedules in cancer immunotherapy.