Distinct phases of immune system programming during ART-suppressed immunodeficiency virus infection.

Long-term ART-suppressed SIV infection in rhesus macaques causes bi-phasic immune changes, including initial interferon responses and later TGF-β and NF-κB signaling disruptions.

• Why it matters: Understanding immune system alterations during prolonged ART is crucial to addressing non-AIDS complications in people living with HIV, as persistent immune dysregulation may hinder effective treatment.
• What they did: Researchers conducted longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic and plasma proteomic analyses over 70 weeks in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART, revealing distinct phases of immune perturbation.
• The result: Findings show early interferon-driven responses that resolve with viral control, followed by later tissue-specific immune dysregulation, informing potential targets for improving long-term HIV management.