A critical comparative review: Analyzing limitations, modification strategies and mechanisms of photocatalysts for toluene oxidation.

Advanced modification strategies significantly improve semiconductor photocatalysts, achieving up to 50% higher toluene oxidation efficiency by enhancing electronic and surface properties.

• Why it matters: Understanding how different semiconductor families overcome intrinsic limitations is crucial for designing more effective photocatalysts for organic pollutant removal, addressing current performance gaps.
• What they did: The review systematically analyzes doping, heterojunction construction, defect regulation, and structural modifications across major semiconductor families, supported by advanced characterization and DFT calculations.
• The result: Connecting modification strategies with catalytic performance offers key design principles, enabling the development of more efficient, selective photocatalytic systems for toluene oxidation.